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  • How to read a book

    How to Read a Book: A Summary

    By Mortimer J. Adler

    Overview

    “How to Read a Book” is a systematic guide to reading comprehension and analysis, breaking down the art of reading into four distinct levels. Each level builds upon the previous one, offering increasingly sophisticated approaches to understanding written works.

    The Four Levels of Reading

    1. Elementary Reading

    Elementary reading is the foundation of all reading skills, focusing on basic comprehension of the text’s literal meaning.

    http://teamvenditti.it/?enikey=incontri-sassa&e86=00 Key Aspects:

    • Understanding the text’s surface meaning
    • Comprehending basic vocabulary and sentence structure
    • Following the basic narrative or argument

    charenton le pont sexe rencontre Steps:

    1. Read the text from beginning to end
    2. Identify unfamiliar words and look up their meanings
    3. Focus on understanding each sentence’s basic meaning
    4. Practice reading at a steady pace

    site de rencontre montreal laval Rules:

    • Read at a pace appropriate for comprehension
    • Pay attention to punctuation
    • Focus on one sentence at a time
    • Maintain focus on the text

    Tips:

    • Keep a dictionary nearby
    • Read in a quiet environment
    • Take breaks when needed
    • Practice regularly to improve speed

    2. Inspectional Reading

    Inspectional reading involves systematic skimming and superficial reading to grasp the book’s main ideas quickly.

    Key Aspects:

    • Systematic skimming to understand the book’s structure
    • Reading the table of contents, preface, and index
    • Quick reading to grasp main points without deep analysis

    Steps:

    1. Look at the title page and preface
    2. Study the table of contents
    3. Check the index
    4. Read the publisher’s blurb
    5. Look at pivotal chapters
    6. Skim the book, reading a few paragraphs here and there

    Rules:

    • Don’t get bogged down in details
    • Focus on the main points
    • Read the beginning and end of chapters
    • Look for the basic structure

    Tips:

    • Set a time limit for the initial review
    • Take quick notes on major points
    • Mark important passages for later review
    • Don’t worry about understanding everything

    3. Analytical Reading

    Analytical reading is thorough and complete reading for full understanding and critical evaluation.

    Key Aspects:

    • Thorough and complete reading for full understanding
    • Identifying the author’s arguments and propositions
    • Critical evaluation of the author’s claims

    Steps:

    1. Classify the book by type and subject matter
    2. State what the whole book is about
    3. Outline the major parts
    4. Define the problem the author is trying to solve
    5. Understand the author’s terms and key concepts
    6. Identify the author’s arguments
    7. Determine which problems the author solved/didn’t solve

    Rules:

    • Identify the author’s key terms
    • Grasp the author’s leading propositions
    • Know the author’s arguments
    • Determine if you agree or disagree

    Tips:

    • Take detailed notes
    • Create an outline of the book
    • Write summaries of key arguments
    • Compare with your existing knowledge

    4. Syntopical Reading

    Syntopical reading involves comparing and contrasting multiple texts on the same subject.

    Key Aspects:

    • Reading multiple books on the same subject
    • Comparing and contrasting different viewpoints
    • Synthesizing information across various sources

    Steps:

    1. Create a bibliography of relevant books
    2. Inspect all books in your bibliography
    3. Find relevant passages in each book
    4. Define key terms and concepts across authors
    5. Frame key questions and issues
    6. Analyze the discussion across authors
    7. Synthesize different viewpoints

    Rules:

    • Create a neutral terminology
    • Clarify questions across texts
    • Establish a neutral position
    • Analyze the discussion objectively

    Tips:

    • Keep organized notes for each book
    • Create cross-references between texts
    • Maintain a bibliography
    • Track different viewpoints systematically

    Practical Application

    To make the most of these reading levels:

    1. Start with inspectional reading to get an overview
    2. Determine if the book deserves analytical reading
    3. Use syntopical reading when researching a specific topic
    4. Practice each level consistently to improve skills
    5. Choose the appropriate reading level based on your purpose
    6. Take notes at each level as needed
    7. Review and reflect on what you’ve read

    Remember that not every book requires all levels of reading. The key is to match the reading level to your purpose and the material’s complexity.

  • Richard Feynman’s letter to his student

    No problem is too small or too trivial if we can really do something about it.

    For the full text:
    http://genius.cat-v.org/richard-feynman/writtings/letters/problems?utm_source=hackernewsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_term=fav

  • Array construction in R, Perl, and Python

    Array construction in R, Perl, and Python

    R:

    data

    Perl:

    @data = (1, 2, 3)
@data[2..3]
%hash = ('a' =>; 'b')
$hash{a}

    Python:

    data = [1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c']
data[2:3]
tuple = (1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', https://buycbdproducts.com  # immutable
dict = {'a': 'America', 'c': 'Canada'}
dict['a']

  • Perl one liner executing a shell command on…

    Perl one liner executing a shell command on files.

    e.g. copy all *.c files to new names, *.R.

    perl -de 'foreach (@ARGV) {($new = $_) =~ s/c$/R/; system("cp $_ $new");}' *c

  • Debugging R scripts with command line arguments 1…

    Debugging R scripts with command line arguments.

    1. Break up the script into two parts: one for reading the arguments, another one for the analysis.
    2. Run R with *-args option. It enters the interactive R session.

    Example.

    R  --args -p ../../input/M00724-foxa1.mat -s ../../input/mouse_promoter_seqs_EPD.fasta -c 0.55 -o testing_

    3. Source the the file reading https://buycbdproducts.com arguments.
    The file can read the arguments with commandArgs() or by using the getopt package.

    4. Source the analysis script.

  • showMethods and selectMethod to find the functions and…

    showMethods() and selectMethod() to find the functions and sources of S3 object in R.
    http://tolstoy.newcastle.edu.au/R/help/05/09/12506.html

  • Shuffle sequences in DNASequenceSet lapply or sapply return…

    Shuffle sequences in DNASequenceSet.

    lapply() or sapply() return list.
    endoapply() returns the same data class, DNASequenceSet.
    It is way slower, though.

    shuffled.seqs <- endoapply(seqs, sample)

    For faster shuffling, look at the link.
    http://grokbase.com/t/r/bioconductor/133n8bw1f6/bioc-how-to-operate-on-a-dnastringset-object

  • A clever use of geom smooth position =…

    A clever use of geom_smooth(position = ‘jitter’) for plots looking like hand-written.

    test.dframe <- data.frame(x = rnorm(100), y = rnorm(100), z = rnorm(100)
theme_xkcd <- theme(
    panel.background = element_rect(fill="white"),
    axis.ticks = element_line(colour=NA),
    panel.grid = element_line(colour="white"),
    axis.text.y = element_text(colour=NA),
    axis.text.x = element_text(colour="black"),
    )
 

p <- ggplot(data=pleb.clegg, aes(x=Date, y=Pleb))+
geom_smooth(aes(y=Clegg), colour="gold", size=1, position="jitter", fill=NA)+
geom_smooth(colour="white", size=3, position="jitter", fill=NA)+
geom_smooth(colour="dark blue", size=1, position="jitter", fill=NA)+
geom_text(data=pleb.clegg[10, ], family="Humor Sans", aes(x=Date), colour="gold", y=20, label="Searches for clegg")+
geom_text(data=pleb.clegg[22, ], family="Humor Sans", aes(x=Date), colour="dark blue", y=4, label="Searches for pleb")+
geom_line(aes(y=xaxis), position = position_jitter(h = 0.1), colour="black")+
coord_cartesian(ylim=c(-5, 40))+
labs(x="", y="", title="Pleb vs Clegg: Google Keyword Volumes")+
theme_xkcd

    handwritten_plot

    http://drunks-and-lampposts.com/2012/10/02/clegg-vs-pleb-an-xkcd-esque-chart/

  • R 11/07/2013

    Posted from Diigo. The rest of my favorite links are here.

  • R 11/06/2013

    Posted from Diigo. The rest of my favorite links are here.